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She paid the house tax for this property in 1810, so it is very likely she was living here before she bought the property.":1,"Gerry's house was previously owned by Thomas Oliver, who was the largest enslaver in Cambridge. Oliver enslaved at least 11 people: Buff, Cato, Jerry, Joffrey, Samuel, Mira, Jude, Sarah, Jenny, Violet, and Young Jerry. As a Loyalist, Oliver fled Cambridge during the Revolutionary War and seems to have left behind ten of those listed above; Samuel was the only one to go with Oliver to London, where he became a paid footman. It is unclear what happened to these enslaved people after Oliver fled, but it is possible that some stayed in Cambridge and lived in other houses.":1,"Gould bought property at this address in 1807 and then expanded his property here in 1818":1,"See 139 Bishop Allen Dr. for Samuel P. P. Fay in 1820.":1,"This is the earliest address we have for Henry Ware, a reverend and Harvard professor. He bought this land from Harvard in 1816. We are not actually sure where he was living in 1810.":1,"Waters bought this property in 1806. From 1801 to 1810 Waters also owned a piece of land with a house and barn at 12 Appian Way. We are not sure where he was living in 1790 or 1800. See 12 Appian Way for Peter Waters' other address.":1,"We are unsure exactly where James Read was living at the time of the 1810 and 1820 census, although we know that he paid a house tax here in 1804. He then sold the property in 1813, at which time he bought another property at 17 Dunster St. However, we do not think he was living at Dunster street in 1820 because someone else paid the house tax on this address in 1815. We suspect James Read may have moved into the house of his late father, also James Read (d. 1814), at what is today 55 Brattle St. See 55 Brattle St. for James Read's 1820 address.":1,"We believe that this record is reflecting the Almshouse, which from 1786 to 1818 was in this location. ":1,"William Watson owned several properties in Cambridge. We believe that the family--first listed under William Watson in 1790 and 1810 and then under his wife, Catherine Watson, in 1820--was residing at this address on what is now JFK Street, on a homestead formerly owned by William's maternal grandfather Deacon Samuel Whittemore (1693-1784). The Whittemore family had been enslavers; Samuel Whittemore reported one enslaved person in his 1749 tax records.":1,"null":4}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/b59c26e5-e4d9-5d2d-a05f-015d00004453/13/1.json{?query}","count":13,"count_distinct":9,"name":"Biographical Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/b59c26e5-e4d9-5d2d-a05f-015d00004453/13.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"Camaralzaman Gould was born in Mashpee c. 1763. His wife, Charlotte, was not from Massachusetts--we believe she was from New York. Gould moved around quite a bit before settling in Cambridge. He enlisted to fight in the Revolutionary War at Wareham, MA. His daughter, also Charlotte Gould (later Laws) was born in Shelbourne, Nova Scotia, Canada, in around 1797. When Gould was buying property in Cambridge (1807 and 1818), he was working as a soap boiler. We also know that Gould was an active voter in Cambridge; he appeared on an 1822 list of voters. Gould's wife, Charlotte, died in 1839, and Gould remarried to a young woman named Keziah M. Hill in Boston. They had at least two children together, Camaralzaman and James Alexander Gould. Little Camaralzaman died as an infant. The most detailed source we have concerning Gould is his probate records, in which he leaves his property at 348-350 Broadway to his only living child, Charlotte Laws. Interestingly, this property had previously been owned by Violet Cassimere, another Black landowner who appears on the census. At Charlotte Laws's death in Cambridgeport, the Boston Morning Sentinel described both Gould and Laws as \"for many years respected colored citizens of that city.\"":1,"Peter Waters started working at Harvard College in 1789, and was living with his employer, Caleb Gannett, until early 1790 (see 1 Oxford St. for more about Gannett and about Waters' colleague Pompey Parsons). In a document reporting \"strangers\" (people not born in Cambridge) living with him, Caleb Gannett gave a short biography of Waters. According to Gannett, Waters was born in Maryland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and then lived in Newton, MA until 1789. Waters married Vilate Lock (of Newton) in 1790, at which point they moved into a house of their own at this address, and had a child who died aged 2 in 1792. It is likely that these are the 3 listed in the 1790 census. Vital records indicate that a 9-year-old Black girl named Christina Waters died in 1812. We are not certain, but we believe that Christina was Peter and Vilate's daughter listed with them in the 1810 census. There is no Peter Waters in the 1800 census, but there is a Bettern Waters with a household of 2 Black people. It may seem odd, but we believe this to have been a misspelling of Peter as there are no other records of anyone named Bettern in Cambridge, and this would have been before Christina was born. ":1,"There were several Mary Richardsons in Cambridge in 1810 (in fact, this Mary Richardson was listed as \"Mary Richardson 2\" in the census!). Looking more closely at the record, though, this Mary Richardson is documented with 19 people in her household, 12 of whom were aged 45+. These numbers seemed odd for a family, which led us to Mary Richardson (nee Prentice), who was the \"Wardeness\" of the Almshouse from 1802 until 1818. The Cambridge Almshouse had several locations; for its 1820 location, see 43 Essex St.":1,"This census listing reads \"Elbridge Garvey,\" but we have concluded that this was most likely Elbridge Gerry, founding father, Massachusetts governor, and vice president to James Madison. We found no Garveys living in Cambridge in this time period, while we know that Gerry was living in Cambridge but did not appear otherwise in the census. ":1,"Violet Cassimere (also spelled Casemear/Cersmer/Casimir) is one of the more mysterious people that we encountered in this project. At first, we could only find her name in two locations: we found record of her paying a house tax (1810) and later purchasing the deed for the land at 348-350 Broadway (1812), and the vital records list an infant child of Violet Cassimere dying of dysentery in 1817. For a while, we could find no other information on Violet or her family. There was, however, a listing for the birth of a child, Christina Zophrion, in 1806--a daughter of Casimir and Violet. We wondered if our Violet Cassimere may have been married to Casimir Zophrion and later used his first name as her last name. We also noticed that Cassimere was being spelled differently in nearly every document--from Casemer to Casimir to Cersmer. This opened things up: we were soon able to find a marriage record for a Violet Gill marrying a Kerseymer Zephron in 1801 in Boston. We believe these to be the same Violet and Casimir Zophrion who were the parents of Christina Zophrion. The probate records of Fife Downs, a Black laborer who died with a considerable sum of money in 1809, confirmed this hypothesis--his estate paid a debt of over $100 to a \"Violet Zephrion alias Cassimere.\" It appears that her husband, Casimir, had either died, left the family, or was absent for work at the time of both the 1810 and 1820 census. His name does not appear on either the house tax or deed associated with 348-350 Broadway. There is a single clue as to how Violet may have earned money in his absence: in 1807, she advertised her services as a laundress in the Columbian Centinel. She asked to be contacted at the house of Peter Waters, another Black resident in Cambridge who appears in the censuses. Presumably Violet and Christina were living at 348-350 Broadway at the time of the 1810 and 1820 census; Christina would have been about 4 at the time of the 1810 census and about 14 at the time of the 1820 census, which fits into the demographics listed. It is less clear who the other people living with them would have been. One tentative connection is to Susan Casimere and Nancy Cassimore, both of whom died in Boston (in 1838 and 1825, respectively) and were listed as Black. Because of the rarity of Cassimere as a last name and the proximity of Boston to Cambridge, it seems possible these were Violet Cassimere's daughters. If so, Susan would have been born around 1816, making her likely present at the time of the 1820 census. Nancy's death record lists no age, so it is unclear how old she was or whether she could have been present at the Cassimere residence in 1810 or 1820.":1,"We are fairly certain that the Black woman living with the Watsons was named Venus Whittemore. A death notice for Venus Whittemore appeared in local papers in 1825, describing her as a \"colored woman, aged 107.\" This is a surprising age, and is likely a rough estimate; older people of this time–especially formerly enslaved people–often did not know their date of birth. Venus died at the Cambridge Alms-House, but there is no Black woman of her age reported at the Alms-House in the 1820 census. Instead, we suspect that she was living either with or on the property of Catherine Watson. Catherine's late husband, William Watson, had purchased Venus's labor at a Poor Auction in 1793. Furthermore, in exchange for the costs of her care, he also received a large tract of land in Cambridgeport. Many formerly enslaved people found themselves at Poor Auctions after slavery ended in Massachusetts in 1783– they were no longer legally enslaved, yet they lacked the resources to move out from under their former enslavers. Venus Whittemore was previously enslaved by Deacon Samuel Whittemore, William Watson’s maternal grandfather. William died in 1811, and it seems that his death brought even more instability to Venus’s life. In 1818, Catherine Watson attempted to force Cambridge to compensate her for the cost of supporting Venus, an argument which can be read in the Massachusetts Supreme Court records. At this time, Venus was reported to be 90 years old. The court sided with Catherine, ruling that Cambridge did owe Catherine money for the support of Venus, but then posited that William Watson’s estate (which Catherine neither controlled nor inherited) may be the party responsible for Venus’ care rather than Cambridge. There is no indication in the court’s ruling that Venus would continue to live under the support of Catherine, but it seems likely that she was still with Catherine at the time of the 1820 census and moved to the Alms-house sometime before her death in 1825.":1,"We could not find any information about the Black resident at this address.":5,"We were unable to determine who was living in Henry Ware's household in 1810. We do know, however, that Adam Lewis's brother Enoch Lewis lived with the Wares in 1819. It seems possible (though unlikely) that Enoch and perhaps one of his brothers lived here in 1810. See 15 Concord St. for more on Adam Lewis.":1,"ames Read had a Black child under the age of 14 living with him at the time of the 1820 census. This could be the same Black person living with him in 1810, although the child would have had to have been less than 4 years old in 1810. James Read was a merchant who spent time living in Tobago before returning to Cambridge in the early 1800s. See 55 Brattle St. for Read’s 1820 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She paid the house tax for this property in 1810, so it is very likely she was living here before she bought the property.":1,"Gould bought property at this address in 1807 and then expanded his property here in 1818.":1,"Lenox bought this property in 1823. We were unable to locate his address in 1820.":1,"The property at this address was sold by Edward Everett, Lucy Everett's son, in 1834. We are unsure if Lucy was actually living at this address in 1820, but it is the closest Everett address that we could find to this time period.":1,"There were two brick houses at this address, one occupied by Chaplain, and one by Samuel P. P. Fay.":1,"There were two brick houses at this address, one occupied by Fay, and one by James P. Chaplain.":1,"This almshouse was built in 1818 on an 11 acre square of land between Harvard St, Norfolk St, Austin St. (now Bishop Allen Dr.), and Prospect St. Essex St. did not yet exist at this time. The almshouse was at this location until 1836. ":1,"This house, called both the Adams House and the Apthorp House and owned by Harvard University, is still standing at this address. ":1,"We are unsure exactly where James Read was living with his family at the time of the 1810 and 1820 census. He bought a property at 17 Dunster St. in 1813, but we do not think he was living there in 1820 because someone else paid the house tax for that address in 1815. We suspect James Read may have moved into the house of his late father, also James Read (d. 1814), at what is today 55 Brattle St. See 4 Holyoke St. for James Read's 1810 address.":1,"null":3}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/78699ff0-af13-5390-bf44-3cb300004453/13/1.json{?query}","count":14,"count_distinct":11,"name":"Biographical Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/78699ff0-af13-5390-bf44-3cb300004453/13.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"By 1820, Adam Lewis and his wife Catherine (nee Vassall) were at the center of an extensive Black network that stretched from Cambridge into Boston. Lewis was born in 1794 to Minor Walker and Peter Lewis. Minor, his mother, was the sister of Quock Walker, whose legal battle with his enslaver in the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1783 is now credited as one of the final cases that brought about the end of slavery in Massachusetts. Adam was one of eleven children, and most of his siblings were involved in the abolitionist movement and other civil rights causes. Lewis married Catherine Vassall in 1815. Catherine also came from a notable family; see 1656 Mass. Ave. for more on Catherine and her family. This property where the Lewises were living in 1820 was part of what was colloquially known as Lewisville. By the 1830s, Adam, most of his siblings, and his parents all owned adjacent lots in this area just north of the Common. They also constructed a family tomb on their property, which was later moved to Cambridge Cemetery. Later in their lives, Adam and Catherine moved to the Dawn Settlement in Ontario, Canada, which was established as a community of refuge for formerly enslaved people. We have been unable to find any information about Adam and Catherine’s decision to move to Canada, but it may have had to do with the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850. Other members of the Lewis family remained in Cambridge.":1,"Camaralzaman Gould was born in Mashpee c. 1763. His wife, Charlotte, was not from Massachusetts--we believe she was from New York. Gould moved around quite a bit before settling in Cambridge. He enlisted to fight in the Revolutionary War at Wareham, MA. His daughter, also Charlotte Gould (later Laws) was born in Shelbourne, Nova Scotia, Canada, in around 1797. When Gould was buying property in Cambridge (1807 and 1818), he was working as a soap boiler. We also know that Gould was an active voter in Cambridge; he appeared on an 1822 list of voters. Gould's wife, Charlotte, died in 1839, and Gould remarried to a young woman named Keziah M. Hill in Boston. They had at least two children together, Camaralzaman and James Alexander Gould. Little Camaralzaman died as an infant. The most detailed source we have concerning Gould is his probate records, in which he leaves his property at 348-350 Broadway to his only living child, Charlotte Laws. Interestingly, this property had previously been owned by Violet Cassimere, another Black landowner who appears on the census. At Charlotte Laws's death in Cambridgeport, the Boston Morning Sentinel described both Gould and Laws as \"for many years respected colored citizens of that city.\"":1,"Charles Lenox was born in Newton to parents Cornelius and Susannah Lenox. In 1811, he married Seney Rogers (also known as Cynthia/Cinthia and Sena) in Cambridge. They had at least two children: Susan, who is shown in the census, and Eliza, who was likely born in 1820 after the census was taken and died in 1822. Susan died aged 22 in 1837 and is buried in the Old Burial Ground, where her headstone stands today. Seney Rogers died a few years later in 1839, leaving Charles a widower. In the 1850 census, at age 69, Lenox was living in Cambridge with Mary Lewis (age 30) and Susan Jackson (age 9). Lenox next appears in the vital records in 1851, when he married Martha Dickerson of Watertown. Just a few months later, on the 1st of February 1852, Lenox died at the age of 71 of \"Disease of the Heart.\" On his death certificate, his occupation is listed as \"Laborer,\" but this term conceals his remarkable and varied working life. At his death, newspapers described Lenox as a \"colored man, and for many years past the porter at Harvard,\" and reported that he had left his family \"a fortune of about $20,000,\" an unusually large sum at the time. From recountings of contemporary Harvard students, we know that Lenox worked at various times as a pie seller, a boot-blacker, and a waiter around the Harvard campus. However, he made the majority of his money from loaning to other Cambridge residents--at the time of his death, he was owed more than $10,000 by various Cambridge professionals and tradesmen, including Sidney Willard, Cambridge's mayor from 1848-1851. Charles is buried next to his daughter Susan in the Old Burial Ground, although acid rain has greatly deteriorated the inscription on his marble headstone. Though Charles Lenox's story has not often been told, readers familiar with 19th century abolitionists may recognize his name: his nephew, Charles Lenox Remond of Salem, son of his sister Nancy Lenox and presumably named after Charles Lenox of Cambridge, later became one of the most influential Black abolitionists of the late 19th century. Please visit our website to find a link to a set of articles by Leslie Brunetta containing much more information on Charles Lenox.":1,"Other than knowing that the Black woman at this address was between the ages of 14-25, we were unable to find any other information about her. We believe that the Mary Bell who appears on the census may be Mary Bell Warland. If so, we do know that Mary and her sisters, who all lived together in their father's house, occasionally took in boarders. It is possible that the young Black woman who lived here was either a boarder herself or worked for the Warland sisters.":1,"Scipio Dalton (listed as \"Z Dalton\" in the census) was a prominent figure in the Black community on Beacon Hill in Boston in the early 1800s, but he was living in Cambridge in the years leading up to his death in 1822. He was likely born around 1750 in Gloucester, MA. In 1779 Dalton signed an indenture contract lasting two years with Isaac Smith (uncle of Abigail Adams). In the contract Smith stipulated that Dalton would be free to leave his household in 1781, granted that he met the expectations of the contract and did not incur any extra expenses for his care (the document is available through the MA Historical Society’s website). The next record we have of Dalton was his marriage in 1783 to Phoebe Jack in Boston. This marriage did not end well; in 1794 Dalton posted an advertisement in the local paper stating that Phoebe “left my bed and board, and refuses to live with me.” He remarried in 1797 to Rosanna Haven, but Rosanna died in 1807. Dalton’s last marriage was to Sylvia Lathrop in 1811, and they remained married until his death in 1822 in Cambridge. Throughout his life Dalton lived in various Massachusetts cities, including Gloucester, Boston, Newton, and Cambridge–we found poll tax records for him in both Newton and Cambridge, which suggests that he was an active voter. Dalton is probably most well known for his leadership in several Black institutions in Boston. He was one of the founders of the African Society in 1796, the African Baptist Church in 1805 (now the home of the African American National Historical Site), the African School in 1808 (later known as the Abiel Smith School and now home of the Museum of African American History), and the African Humane Society in 1819. Dalton was also a member of the African Masonic Lodge. When Dalton died, he owned both this property in Cambridge and part of a house in Boston. Although we could not find a birth record for any of Scipio and Sylvia's children, we believe they had at least one child, Catherine Dalton (later Hensen), who, according to her death certificate, was born in 1812. This would have made her 8 at the time of this census and 10 at the time of her father's death. By the time of Sylvia's 1832 probate records, Catherine is described as the wife of Thomas Hensen. It appears they married in 1831 and later moved to New Bedford, where Catherine died at the age of 76. ":1,"Violet Cassimere (also spelled Casemear/Cersmer/Casimir) is one of the more mysterious people that we encountered in this project. At first, we could only find her name in two locations: we found record of her paying a house tax (1810) and later purchasing the deed for the land at 348-350 Broadway (1812), and the vital records list an infant child of Violet Cassimere dying of dysentery in 1817. For a while, we could find no other information on Violet or her family. There was, however, a listing for the birth of a child, Christina Zophrion, in 1806--a daughter of Casimir and Violet. We wondered if our Violet Cassimere may have been married to Casimir Zophrion and later used his first name as her last name. We also noticed that Cassimere was being spelled differently in nearly every document--from Casemer to Casimir to Cersmer. This opened things up: we were soon able to find a marriage record for a Violet Gill marrying a Kerseymer Zephron in 1801 in Boston. We believe these to be the same Violet and Casimir Zophrion who were the parents of Christina Zophrion. The probate records of Fife Downs, a Black laborer who died with a considerable sum of money in 1809, confirmed this hypothesis--his estate paid a debt of over $100 to a \"Violet Zephrion alias Cassimere.\" It appears that her husband, Casimir, had either died, left the family, or was absent for work at the time of both the 1810 and 1820 census. His name does not appear on either the house tax or deed associated with 348-350 Broadway. There is a single clue as to how Violet may have earned money in his absence: in 1807, she advertised her services as a laundress in the Columbian Centinel. She asked to be contacted at the house of Peter Waters, another Black resident in Cambridge who appears in the censuses. Presumably Violet and Christina were living at 348-350 Broadway at the time of the 1810 and 1820 census; Christina would have been about 4 at the time of the 1810 census and about 14 at the time of the 1820 census, which fits into the demographics listed. It is less clear who the other people living with them would have been. One tentative connection is to Susan Casimere and Nancy Cassimore, both of whom died in Boston (in 1838 and 1825, respectively) and were listed as Black. Because of the rarity of Cassimere as a last name, the proximity of Boston to Cambridge, and their ages, it seems possible these were Violet Cassimere's daughters or some other relative. If so, Susan would have been born around 1816, making her likely present at the time of the 1820 census. She and Christina would have been the two girls under age 14. If Nancy were also in the household, she must have been older than 26 at this time. Nancy's death record lists no age, so we have no way of estimating whether she could have been at the Cassimere residence in 1810 or 1820. There is also a boy or young man aged 14-25 living with the family in 1820; we were unable to find any clue of who this might have been.":1,"We are fairly certain that the Black woman living with the Watsons was named Venus Whittemore. A death notice for Venus Whittemore appeared in local papers in 1825, describing her as a \"colored woman, aged 107.\" This is a surprising age, and is likely a rough estimate; older people of this time–especially formerly enslaved people–often did not know their date of birth. Venus died at the Cambridge Alms-House, but there is no Black woman of her age reported at the Alms-House in the 1820 census. Instead, we suspect that she was living either with or on the property of Catherine Watson. Catherine's late husband, William Watson, had purchased Venus's labor at a Poor Auction in 1793. Furthermore, in exchange for the costs of her care, he also received a large tract of land in Cambridgeport. Many formerly enslaved people found themselves at Poor Auctions after slavery ended in Massachusetts in 1783– they were no longer legally enslaved, yet they lacked the resources to move out from under their former enslavers. Venus Whittemore was previously enslaved by Deacon Samuel Whittemore, William Watson’s maternal grandfather. William died in 1811, and it seems that his death brought even more instability to Venus’s life. In 1818, Catherine Watson attempted to force Cambridge to compensate her for the cost of supporting Venus, an argument which can be read in the Massachusetts Supreme Court records. At this time, Venus was reported to be 90 years old. The court sided with Catherine, ruling that Cambridge did owe Catherine money for the support of Venus, but then posited that William Watson’s estate (which Catherine neither controlled nor inherited) may be the party responsible for Venus’ care rather than Cambridge. There is no indication in the court’s ruling that Venus would continue to live under the support of Catherine, but it seems likely that she was still with Catherine at the time of the 1820 census and moved to the Alms-house sometime before her death in 1825.":1,"We could not find any information about the Black resident at this address.":4,"We could not find any information about the Black residents at this address.":1,"We were unable to figure out the name of the young Black woman living with Lucy Everett. It seems that Lucy Everett lived in Cambridge only briefly; she spent most of her adult life in Boston. In the 1800 census, the Everetts were living in Dorchester and had no Black people living with them, meaning that the young woman living with Lucy in Cambridge had certainly not been living with her for long.":1,"n 1820, James Read had a Black male child under the age of 14 living with him. In 1810, Read also had one Black person living with him--if it was this same child living with him here in 1820, the boy would have been less than 4 years old in 1810. James Read was a merchant who spent time living in Tobago before returning to Cambridge in the early 1800s. See 4 Holyoke St. for James' 1810 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In 1806 he bought another property at 1531 Mass. Ave. We are not sure precisely where he was living in 1790 or 1800. See 1531 Massachusetts Ave. for Peter's 1810 address.","min":"Robert Vose was part of a business partnership with Royal Makepeace that bought and developed a lot of property in Cambridgeport. At this address Vose and Makepeace built both a store and a dwelling house a few years before 1800. We were unable to determine which of his properties Vose occupied, but in order to include him on this map we have marked him here. ","name":"Address Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/8db16abd-5b59-5150-b660-d44f00004453/12.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"Robert Vose was part of a business partnership with Royal Makepeace that bought and developed a lot of property in Cambridgeport. At this address Vose and Makepeace built both a store and a dwelling house a few years before 1800. We were unable to determine which of his properties Vose occupied, but in order to include him on this map we have marked him here. ":2,"The census lists Henry Dickenson, but there are no other records of Dickensons in Cambridge in 1810. There was a Henry Dickson at this address until his death in 1815.":2,"Waters bought this property in 1801 and owned it until 1810. In 1806 he bought another property at 1531 Mass. Ave. We are not sure precisely where he was living in 1790 or 1800. See 1531 Massachusetts Ave. for Peter's 1810 address.":1,"Waters bought this property in 1806. From 1801 to 1810 Waters also owned a piece of land with a house and barn at 12 Appian Way. We are not sure where he was living in 1790 or 1800.Waters bought this property in 1801 and owned it until 1810. In 1806 he bought another property at 1531 Mass. Ave. We are not sure precisely where he was living in 1790 or 1800. See 1531 Massachusetts Ave. for Peter's 1810 address.":1,"null":1}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/8db16abd-5b59-5150-b660-d44f00004453/13/1.json{?query}","count":4,"count_distinct":4,"max":"We could not find any information about the Black resident at this address.","min":"Judge Francis Dana was a big--and wealthy--political figure of the time, and likely had servants living in his house. Christ Church recorded that a woman named Dinah, listed as \"a negro at Judge Dana's,\" died at age 56 in 1802, suggesting that she was one of the two Black people living with Dana in 1800. We were unable to find any other personal details about Dinah, other than that she passed away of cancer. ","name":"Biographical Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/8db16abd-5b59-5150-b660-d44f00004453/13.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"Judge Francis Dana was a big--and wealthy--political figure of the time, and likely had servants living in his house. Christ Church recorded that a woman named Dinah, listed as \"a negro at Judge Dana's,\" died at age 56 in 1802, suggesting that she was one of the two Black people living with Dana in 1800. We were unable to find any other personal details about Dinah, other than that she passed away of cancer. ":2,"Peter Waters started working at Harvard College in 1789, and was living with his employer, Caleb Gannett, until early 1790 (see 1 Oxford St. for more about Gannett and about Waters' colleague Pompey Parsons). In a document reporting \"strangers\" (people not born in Cambridge) living with him, Caleb Gannett gave a short biography of Waters. According to Gannett, Waters was born in Maryland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and then lived in Newton, MA until 1789. Waters married Vilate Lock (of Newton) in 1790, at which point they moved into a house of their own at this address, and had a child who died aged 2 in 1792. It is likely that these are the 3 listed in the 1790 census. Vital records indicate that a 9-year-old Black girl named Christina Waters died in 1812. We are not certain, but we believe that Christina was Peter and Vilate's daughter listed with them in the 1810 census. There is no Peter Waters in the 1800 census, but there is a Bettern Waters with a household of 2 Black people. It may seem odd, but we believe this to have been a misspelling of Peter as there are no other records of anyone named Bettern in Cambridge, and this would have been before Christina was born.":1,"Peter Waters started working at Harvard College in 1789, and was living with his employer, Caleb Gannett, until early 1790 (see 1 Oxford St. for more about Gannett and about Waters' colleague Pompey Parsons). In a document reporting \"strangers\" (people not born in Cambridge) living with him, Caleb Gannett gave a short biography of Waters. According to Gannett, Waters was born in Maryland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and then lived in Newton, MA until 1789. Waters married Vilate Lock (of Newton) in 1790, at which point they moved into a house of their own at this address, and had a child who died aged 2 in 1792. It is likely that these are the 3 listed in the 1790 census. Vital records indicate that a 9-year-old Black girl named Christina Waters died in 1812. We are not certain, but we believe that Christina was Peter and Vilate's daughter listed with them in the 1810 census. There is no Peter Waters in the 1800 census, but there is a Bettern Waters with a household of 2 Black people. It may seem odd, but we believe this to have been a misspelling of Peter as there are no other records of anyone named Bettern in Cambridge, and this would have been before Christina was born. 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(c.1778-1798)":1,"Belinda (c. 1759-1799); Sylvia Mason ? (c.1778-1798)":1,"Cesar (unknown-d. after 1802)":1,"Cesar (unknown-d. after 1802); 3 others, unknown to us":1,"Dinah":1,"Dinah (before 1750-1798); 2 others, unknown to us":1,"Peter Waters (fl. 1776-1810)\nVilate (Lock) Waters (fl. 1790-1810)\ninfant Waters (c.1790-1792), name unknown to us":1,"Peter Waters (fl. 1776-1810); Vilate (Lock) Waters (fl. 1790-1810); infant Waters (c.1790-1792), name unknown to us":1,"Pompey Parsons (c. 1748-unknown)":1,"Unknown to us":2,"null":3}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/11/1.json{?query}","count":5,"count_distinct":3,"max":"N/A","min":"1 female aged 45+","name":"1820 demographic breakdown","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/11.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"1 female aged 45+":2,"N/A":7,"null":5}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/12/1.json{?query}","count":7,"count_distinct":8,"max":"William Watson owned several properties in Cambridge. We believe that the family--first listed under William Watson in 1790 and 1810 and then under his wife, Catherine Watson, in 1820--was residing at this address on what is now JFK Street, on a homestead formerly owned by William's maternal grandfather Deacon Samuel Whittemore (1693-1784). The Whittemore family had been enslavers; Samuel Whittemore reported one enslaved person in his 1749 tax records. ","min":"Address note: Anthony Vassall bought this property in 1787 (and fully paid off his mortgage in 1791). His daughter Catherine (sometimes Catharine or Katherine) inherited it upon his death in 1811. Catherine and her husband Adam Lewis sold the property in 1816. See 15 Concord Ave. for Adam and Catherine Lewis's later property.","name":"Address Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/12.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"Address note: Anthony Vassall bought this property in 1787 (and fully paid off his mortgage in 1791). His daughter Catherine (sometimes Catharine or Katherine) inherited it upon his death in 1811. Catherine and her husband Adam Lewis sold the property in 1816. See 15 Concord Ave. for Adam and Catherine Lewis's later property.":2,"Gannett's house was on Holmes Place. The street was removed in 1938 and replaced with the Harvard Science Center Plaza. ":1,"This address, today known as the William Brattle House, is currently owned by the Cambridge Center for Adult Education and may be visited by the public. The house was built in 1727 by William Brattle, a Loyalist who abandoned his property during the Revolutionary War. His son, Thomas Brattle, was allowed to reclaim the property in 1784 and lived there until his death in 1801.":2,"This house, called both the Adams House and the Apthorp House and owned by Harvard University, is still standing at this address. The house on this property was described as a \"mansion house\" in a 1787 deed, suggesting the employment of servants.":2,"This property is on the corner of Mt. Auburn and Dunster Sts. It is now 45 Dunster but it was 82-88 Mt. Auburn. 88 Mt. Auburn St. was a tavern.":1,"Waters bought this property in 1801 and owned it until 1810. In 1806 he bought another property at 1531 Mass. Ave. We are not sure precisely where he was living in 1790 or 1800. See 1531 Massachusetts Ave. for Peter's 1810 address.":2,"William Watson owned several properties in Cambridge. We believe that the family--first listed under William Watson in 1790 and 1810 and then under his wife, Catherine Watson, in 1820--was residing at this address on what is now JFK Street, on a homestead formerly owned by William's maternal grandfather Deacon Samuel Whittemore (1693-1784). The Whittemore family had been enslavers; Samuel Whittemore reported one enslaved person in his 1749 tax records. ":2,"null":3}},{"autocomplete_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/autocomplete/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/13/1.json{?query}","count":10,"count_distinct":11,"max":"We know that Joseph Lee had at least one Black servant in the years leading up to 1790; in 1789, Christ Church recorded the death of a Black man named Mark who was \"in service of Judge Lee.\" We believe that the four black residents of this household were likely either servants or former servants. We believe we know the name of one of these residents, a man called Cesar. When Joseph Lee died in 1802, he included Cesar in his will, describing Cesar as \"an old and faithful servant, formerly in my father's family now in mine,\" and asked that Cesar be provided with \"all things necessary and suitable to his condition.\" It seems likely, therefore, that Cesar was one of the Black people listed as part of Joseph Lee's household in 1790. The names of the other three people remain unknown to us.","min":"Christ Church's records gave us two possible names linked to Thaddeus Mason. The first is more concrete: the records show the death of a 40-year-old Black woman named Belinda in 1799. Next to her name, it reads, \"Lived with T. Mason.\" Given that Thaddeus was a member of the only white Mason family living in Cambridge at the time, it seems likely that T. Mason refers to him. The second is more speculative: a young woman named Sylvia Mason, listed as a \"mulatto,\" died at age 20 in 1798. Because of her last name, we wonder if she and/or her parents may have been previously enslaved by the white Mason family. Of course, Mason is not an uncommon name, so it is also possible that Sylvia had no connection to Thaddeus. We do know that Thaddeus Mason, Sylvia Mason, and Belinda all attended Christ Church.","name":"Biographical Notes","stats_url":"https://us1.data-pipeline.felt.com/stats/c460482c-13be-5bf0-bd63-7f0f00004453/13.json{?query}","type":"TEXT","values":{"Caleb Gannett (sometimes Gannitt) was the steward at Harvard College from 1779 to 1818, and he would often house people he had hired to work at the college in his home. In March 1790, fulfilling a requirement to notify the town clerk of \"strangers\" (people not born in Cambridge) in one's household, Gannett reported 5 employees living with him. Two were Black: Peter Waters and Pompey Parsons. Waters appears in the 1790 census as a head of household (see 1531 Mass. Ave.), whereas Parsons does not, suggesting that Waters moved out before the census was taken while Parsons was still living with Caleb Gannett. In his \"strangers\" report, Gannett included an unusual amount of detail about Parsons's pre-Cambridge life. Gannett describes Parsons being \"brought from Africa\" at 10 years old, which almost certainly means that he was kidnapped and sold into slavery as a child. At first, Parsons was enslaved by the Rev. Parsons in Bradford for 2-3 years, then he was transferred to be \"under the care of\" Dr. Scott in Boston until he was 21 years old. He stayed in Boston until February 1790 when, at age 42, he moved in with Gannett as an employee at Harvard. ":1,"Christ Church's records gave us two possible names linked to Thaddeus Mason. The first is more concrete: the records show the death of a 40-year-old Black woman named Belinda in 1799. Next to her name, it reads, \"Lived with T. Mason.\" Given that Thaddeus was a member of the only white Mason family living in Cambridge at the time, it seems likely that T. Mason refers to him. The second is more speculative: a young woman named Sylvia Mason, listed as a \"mulatto,\" died at age 20 in 1798. Because of her last name, we wonder if she and/or her parents may have been previously enslaved by the white Mason family. Of course, Mason is not an uncommon name, so it is also possible that Sylvia had no connection to Thaddeus. We do know that Thaddeus Mason, Sylvia Mason, and Belinda all attended Christ Church.":2,"If you are familiar with Cambridge Black history, you have likely come across the Vassall family. Anthony (Tony) Vassall and his wife Cuba had both been enslaved by Henry Vassall. Tony and Cuba’s six children, James (c. 1750s-unknown), Dorrenda (unknown-1784), Flora (1767-c.1815), Darby (1769-1861), Cyrus (1771-1812), and Catherine (fl. 1790-1830), were all born into slavery. The family was separated several times at the whim of their enslavers, who would sell or trade enslaved people to cover their debts. Tony made several well-documented attempts to emancipate himself and his family, including traveling to Billerica to pay £20 to free his 5-year-old daughter Flora in 1772. During the Revolutionary War, the white Vassalls, wealthy Loyalists, fled to England, leaving the people they enslaved behind. Tony and Cuba worked to reunite their family while living in a small house on the John Vassall estate, which also included the Longfellow House/Washington’s Headquarters (now a National Historic Site). Their son Darby notably refused to work without compensation for George Washington while his army was based there, an example of his self-confidence that carried through as he and some of his siblings became leaders in the abolitionist and Black rights movements in Boston in the late 1700s. Through some complicated and drawn out negotiations made possible in part by the turmoil of the Revolutionary War but more by Tony’s persistence and savviness, Tony was able to secure his family’s freedom and financial security by the 1780s. Tony and Cuba lived in this house at 1656 Massachusetts Avenue until their deaths in 1811 and 1812 respectively. In the 1790 census, they were living with three other individuals. Dorrenda had died by the time this census was taken, and Flora had already married in Boston. James, Cyrus, Darby, and Catherine were all unmarried at this time, so while we cannot be certain who was living with Tony and Cuba, it seems likely that it was some of their adult children. Interestingly, Tony and Cuba's family does not appear in the 1800 or 1810 census, though we know they were both still living.":1,"If you are familiar with Cambridge Black history, you have likely come across the Vassall family. Anthony (Tony) Vassall and his wife Cuba had both been enslaved by Henry Vassall. Tony and Cuba’s six children, James (c. 1750s-unknown), Dorrenda (unknown-1784), Flora (1767-c.1815), Darby (1769-1861), Cyrus (1771-1812), and Catherine (fl. 1790-1830), were all born into slavery. The family was separated several times at the whim of their enslavers, who would sell or trade enslaved people to cover their debts. Tony made several well-documented attempts to emancipate himself and his family, including traveling to Billerica to pay £20 to free his 5-year-old daughter Flora in 1772. During the Revolutionary War, the white Vassalls, wealthy Loyalists, fled to England, leaving the people they enslaved behind. Tony and Cuba worked to reunite their family while living in a small house on the John Vassall estate, which also included the Longfellow House/Washington’s Headquarters (now a National Historic Site). Their son Darby notably refused to work without compensation for George Washington while his army was based there, an example of his self-confidence that carried through as he and some of his siblings became leaders in the abolitionist and Black rights movements in Boston in the late 1700s. Through some complicated and drawn out negotiations made possible in part by the turmoil of the Revolutionary War but more by Tony’s persistence and savviness, Tony was able to secure his family’s freedom and financial security by the 1780s. Tony and Cuba lived in this house at 1656 Massachusetts Avenue until their deaths in 1811 and 1812 respectively. In the 1790 census, they were living with three other individuals. Dorrenda had died by the time this census was taken, and Flora had already married in Boston. James, Cyrus, Darby, and Catherine were all unmarried at this time, so while we cannot be certain who was living with Tony and Cuba, it seems likely that it was some of their adult children. Interestingly, Tony and Cuba's family does not appear in the 1800 or 1810 census, though we know they were both still living. ":1,"One of the people living with Brattle was likely Dinah, a Black woman who died \"at a very advanced age\" in 1798. In her death record, she is named as Thomas Brattle's servant. We have not found records indicating who the other two Black people in the household might have been.":2,"Peter Waters started working at Harvard College in 1789, and was living with his employer, Caleb Gannett, until early 1790 (see 1 Oxford St. for more on Gannett and Waters' colleague Pompey Parsons). In a document reporting \"strangers\" (people not born in Cambridge) living with him, Caleb Gannett gave a short biography of Waters. According to Gannett, Waters was born in Maryland, fought in the Revolutionary War, and then lived in Newton, MA, until 1789. Waters married Vilate Lock (of Newton) in 1790, at which point they moved into a house of their own at this address, and had a child who died aged 2 in 1792. It is likely that these are the 3 listed in the 1790 census. Vital records indicate that a 9-year-old Black girl named Christina Waters died in 1812. We are not certain, but we believe that Christina was Peter and Vilate's daughter listed with them in the 1810 census. There is no Peter Waters in the 1800 census, but there is a Bettern Waters with a household of 2 Black people. It may seem odd, but we believe this to have been a misspelling of Peter as there are no other records of anyone named Bettern in Cambridge, and this would have been before Christina was born. ":2,"We are fairly certain that the Black woman living with the Watsons was named Venus Whittemore. A death notice for Venus Whittemore appeared in local papers in 1825, describing her as a \"colored woman, aged 107.\" This is a surprising age, and is likely a rough estimate; older people of this time–especially formerly enslaved people–often did not know their date of birth. Venus died at the Cambridge Alms-House, but there is no Black woman of her age reported at the Alms-House in the 1820 census. Instead, we suspect that she was living either with or on the property of Catherine Watson. Catherine's late husband, William Watson, had purchased Venus' labor at a Poor Auction in 1793. Furthermore, in exchange for the costs of her care, he also received a large tract of land in Cambridgeport. Many formerly enslaved people found themselves at Poor Auctions after slavery ended in Massachusetts in 1783– they were no longer legally enslaved, yet they lacked the resources to move out from under their former enslavers. Venus Whittemore was previously enslaved by Deacon Samuel Whittemore, William Watson’s maternal grandfather. William died in 1811, and it seems that his death brought even more instability to Venus’ life. In 1818, Catherine Watson attempted to force the City of Cambridge to compensate her for the cost of supporting Venus, an argument which can be read in the Massachusetts Supreme Court records. At this time, Venus was reported to be 90 years old. The court sided with Catherine, ruling that the City did owe Catherine money for the support of Venus, but then posited that William Watson’s estate (which Catherine neither controlled nor inherited) may be the party responsible for Venus’ care rather than the City itself. There is no indication in the court’s ruling about whether Venus would continue to live under the support of Catherine or not, but it seems likely that she was still with Catherine at the time of the 1820 census and moved to the Alms-house sometime before her death in 1825.":2,"We believe the person listed living with Stedman was named Anningdene. Anningdene's death appears in Christ Church's records in 1798. She was 70 years old, and described as \"Mr. Stedman's.\" From a 1749 record of enslavers in Cambridge, we know the Stedman family enslaved at least one person. It seems possible that Anningdene was this person and that she later continued to live in the Stedman household after the end of slavery.":1,"We could not find any information about about the Black residents at this address.":2,"We could not find any information about the Black resident at this address.":2,"We know that Joseph Lee had at least one Black servant in the years leading up to 1790; in 1789, Christ Church recorded the death of a Black man named Mark who was \"in service of Judge Lee.\" We believe that the four black residents of this household were likely either servants or former servants. We believe we know the name of one of these residents, a man called Cesar. When Joseph Lee died in 1802, he included Cesar in his will, describing Cesar as \"an old and faithful servant, formerly in my father's family now in mine,\" and asked that Cesar be provided with \"all things necessary and suitable to his condition.\" It seems likely, therefore, that Cesar was one of the Black people listed as part of Joseph Lee's household in 1790. 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map is a work-in-progress! \nDo you have questions? Comments? Have you found an error or new information regarding one of these households?\n\n Please email us at mappingblackcambridge@gmail.com\n\nView our website for more details:\n","mapImageId":null,"createdAtUnixTimeMs":1788463951000,"showEndcaps":null,"showLength":null,"symbol":null,"coordinates":[[[42.338484,-71.1605563],[42.338484,-71.1204393],[42.3599873,-71.1204393],[42.3599873,-71.1605563],[42.338484,-71.1605563]]],"rotation":0,"textStyle":"regular","fillOpacity":null,"ordering":1701031616849864,"widthScale":1.275145956095043,"textAlign":"left","hideFromLegend":null,"id":"e8fafc74-0ab0-4e24-b599-6b1dd0098789","routeMode":null,"onClick":null,"icon":null,"hasLongDescription":null,"type":"Note","isHidden":null,"opacity":null,"frame":null,"radiusDisplayUnit":null,"isTextHidden":null},{"isCollapsed":null,"mapLinkId":null,"description":null,"zoom":13.44664637230044,"color":"#C93535","scale":1,"renderHoles":null,"showArea":null,"position":[42.393024344816205,-71.0700423542674],"radiusDisplayAngle":90,"strokeStyle":null,"parentId":null,"size":null,"attributes":[],"showLinkPreview":null,"locked":true,"clipSource":{},"showRadius":null,"strokeOpacity":null,"label":null,"author":"7f68e992-df03-439f-8bb8-2a92631d9489","radius":null,"strokeWidth":null,"text":"How to Use This Map:\n\nAll dots on this map represent a census-listed household with at least 1 Black member. 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